Dab tsi yog 3 hom fermentation?
Fermentation yog txheej txheem nyuaj uas tshwm sim hauv ntau yam kab mob, suav nrog cov kab mob, cov poov xab, thiab txawm tias qee cov nroj tsuag. Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev metabolic uas tso cai rau cov kab mob no los tsim lub zog thaum tsis muaj oxygen. Fermentation suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov organic tebchaw xws li qab zib thiab carbohydrates rau hauv cov molecules yooj yim, feem ntau ua rau ethanol, lactic acid, lossis acetic acid. Peb hom fermentation no yog hu ua cawv fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, thiab acetic acid fermentation. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tshawb txog txhua hom kev nthuav dav, qhia txog lawv qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev siv.
Alcoholic Fermentation:
Alcoholic fermentation, tseem hu ua ethanol fermentation, tej zaum yog daim ntawv paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm fermentation. Nws yog cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv cov poov xab thiab qee cov kab mob. Alcoholic fermentation suav nrog kev rhuav tshem cov piam thaj rau hauv ob lub molecules ntawm pyruvate thiab tsim ob lub molecules ntawm ATP los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm glycolysis. Tom qab ntawd cov pyruvate molecules hloov mus rau hauv ethanol thiab carbon dioxide.
Hom fermentation no tau siv los ntawm tib neeg rau ntau txhiab xyoo hauv kev tsim cov dej cawv. Thaum lub sij hawm fermentation txheej txheem, poov xab noj cov suab thaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom xyaw, xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyob rau hauv wine-ua los yog barley nyob rau hauv npias ntau lawm. Cov byproducts ntawm cov txheej txheem no, ethanol, thiab carbon dioxide, ua rau cov khoom uas xav tau cawv. Alcoholic fermentation kuj yog lub luag hauj lwm rau leavening mov paj nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov qhob cij, raws li cov pa roj carbon dioxide tsim los ntawm poov xab ua rau lub khob noom cookie sawv.
Sib nrug los ntawm nws cov ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam zaub mov thiab dej haus, cawv fermentation kuj siv rau hauv biofuel ntau lawm. Ethanol, tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem fermentation no, tuaj yeem siv los ua lwm txoj hauv kev, rov ua dua tshiab ntawm lub zog. Bioethanol feem ntau yog sib xyaw nrog cov roj av kom txo tau qhov kev cia siab ntawm fossil fuels thiab txo kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig.
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Lactic acid fermentation tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qee cov kab mob, fungi, thiab tib neeg cov leeg nqaij hlwb thaum lub cev ua haujlwm hnyav. Hom fermentation no yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib sau ntawm lactic acid hauv cov leeg, ua rau cov leeg qaug zog thiab mob. Lactic acid fermentation ua raws li txoj hauv kev zoo ib yam li cawv fermentation pib, tab sis es tsis txhob ua ethanol, nws hloov pyruvate rau lactate.
Ib qho ntawm cov kev siv loj ntawm lactic acid fermentation yog nyob rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov yogurt, sauerkraut, thiab lwm yam fermented mis nyuj thiab zaub khoom. Cov kab mob xws li Lactobacillus thiab Streptococcus ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm lactose (mis qab zib) rau hauv lactic acid, muab cov zaub mov no lawv tus cwj pwm tangy saj thiab ncua lawv lub neej txee los ntawm kev khaws cia.
Lactic acid fermentation kuj pom cov ntawv thov dhau qhov ua noj ua haus. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) plastics, uas ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug sustainable lwm txoj rau cov tsoos petroleum-raws li plastics. PLA plastics tau txais koob meej vim lawv qhov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig thiab muaj peev xwm biodegrade.
Acid Fermentation:
Acetic acid fermentation, feem ntau hu ua vinegar fermentation, coj txog kev hloov pauv ntawm ethanol rau hauv acetic acid los ntawm kev ua ntawm cov kab mob acetic acid. Hom fermentation no tshwm sim thaum cov dej haus cawv, xws li cawv lossis cider, raug cov pa oxygen dhau sijhawm, tso cai rau cov kab mob hloov ethanol rau hauv acetic acid.
Vinegar, tsev neeg staple, yog ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom uas tshwm sim los ntawm acetic acid fermentation. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus hom phiaj, raws li ib tug condiment, preservative, thiab muaj nyob rau hauv marinades thiab hnav khaub ncaws. Cov acetic acid tam sim no nyob rau hauv vinegar muab nws cov yam ntxwv pungent tsw thiab tsw.
Acetic acid fermentation kuj muaj cov ntawv thov kev lag luam. Nws yog siv hauv kev tsim cov cellulose acetate, cov khoom siv hauv cov duab thaij duab thiab ua txheej rau textiles. Tsis tas li ntawd, acetic acid yog ib qho ua ntej rau ntau yam tshuaj, xws li vinyl acetate, uas yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov nplaum, xim, thiab coatings.
Xaus:
Fermentation yog cov txheej txheem lom neeg uas muaj ntau txoj hauv kev uas ua rau cov kab mob ua kom muaj zog thaum tsis muaj oxygen. Peb yam tseem ceeb ntawm fermentation, cawv fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, thiab acetic acid fermentation, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev lag luam zaub mov thiab dej haus, biofuel ntau lawm, kev tsim khoom yas, thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Kev nkag siab txog ntau hom fermentation thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb tso cai rau peb siv lawv lub peev xwm ua tau zoo thiab ruaj khov.